What to Know About Salmonella and the Impact on Different Flock Types

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “salmonella causes about 1.2 million illnesses, 23,000 hospitalizations, and 450 deaths in the United States every year.” Those are staggering numbers, and most of those salmonella infections come from food. While you can find the bacteria in foods such as beef, pork, fruit, sprouts, vegetables, and certain processed foods, we’re here to talk about salmonella in chickens and their eggs. Continue reading “Salmonella: What it Means for Broilers and Egg-Layers”

It’s no secret that here at Freedom Ranger Hatchery, we’re all about happy, healthy birds. From chick vaccinations to chicken feed, we’ve covered a variety of topics to optimize your flock’s health. And while we always guarantee you the highest-quality birds, we also want to help make sure you recognize how to keep your flock thriving after they leave our farm and come to yours. Continue reading “What is Marek’s Disease? And How to Not Lose 40% of Your Flock”

When it comes to raising chickens, health is always a top priority. After all, healthy chickens are more productive and more profitable in the long run. Unfortunately, many diseases can wipe out a large percentage of your chickens or leave them more vulnerable to other infections, costing you time and money.

The good news is that vaccinations exist for many of the most common chicken diseases, providing effective preventative measures to keep your chickens healthy.

Curious about vaccinations your chickens should receive and when? Read on to find out which chicken vaccinations are right for your flock.

Do I have to vaccinate my chickens?

There are no rules that say you must vaccinate your chickens for certain diseases. Your choice to vaccinate your chickens will depend on many factors, including the types of chickens you raise, whether you raise birds to sell, and the immediate threats in the area where you raise your chickens.

Vaccines have long been used in the commercial poultry industry to control disease among birds who are kept together in small spaces. In recent years, backyard flock owners have also begun vaccinating their birds against many common chicken diseases.

Vaccines are designed to mimic the natural infection of many diseases, giving birds the opportunity to build up immunity to a disease without harm. However, vaccines are not a cure all and won’t prevent every infection.

It is also important to implement strict biosecurity measures to keep your birds healthy and productive.

These measures include:

• Regular cleaning and disinfection of chicken coops
• Feeding fresh food that is free of mold
• Isolating new flock members for at least 30 days
• Limiting exposure to wild birds

In some cases it is not advisable to vaccinate broilers, since many vaccine warning labels specify that birds cannot be butchered if they have just received shots. Most recommend a waiting period of 15 to 60 days for butchering.

Chicken Diseases and Vaccinations

Marek’s Disease

Also known as fowl paralysis, Marek’s disease is caused by a contagious virus and is typically seen in chickens between 12 and 25 weeks old. Symptoms of the disease include tumors, irregularly-shaped pupils that often lead to blindness, and partial paralysis.

There is no current treatment for Marek’s disease, but many birds do survive the illness and remain carriers of the disease for the remainder of their lives. If you suspect one of your chickens has contracted Marek’s disease, it’s best to isolate the infected bird from your flock as soon as possible to avoid the spread of the disease to other birds.

A vaccine is available to reduce the likelihood of infection. The vaccine is typically administered to day-old chicks, both broilers and layers, below the skin of the breast.

Newcastle Disease/Infectious Bronchitis

Newcastle disease is a viral infection that is spread primarily through the droppings and secretions of infected birds. The disease can vary from mild to severe.

Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge, greenish/watery diarrhea, and depression. Layers may show a marked decrease in egg production or produce thin-shelled eggs. Severe symptoms include drooping wings, swelling of the eyes or neck, muscle tremors, paralysis, or sudden death.

Since Newcastle disease is caused by a virus, there is no current treatment available. However, a vaccine can help prevent the disease when given between 14 and 21 days of age. The vaccine is administered in water. On commercial poultry farms, the vaccine is re-administered every 2 weeks to 90 days as a continued preventative measure.

Infectious Bursal Disease

A highly contagious viral disease, infectious bursal disease affects young chickens under 17 weeks of age. The virus attacks the tissues of a chicken’s immune system, resulting in suppressed immune function, along with high sensitivity to other infections such as Marek’s disease, Salmonella, E. coli, coccidia, Mycoplasma, and others.

The virus that causes infectious bursal disease is hardy, difficult to decontaminate, and can survive for months in a variety of environments.

Vaccination is recommended for chicks between 14 and 21 days old. The vaccine is administered in water.

Fowlpox

Fowlpox is a common viral infection found in backyard chickens that have not received a vaccination. Infected birds develop white blisters on their comb, wattles, and other skin areas. Most birds survive the infection and the lesions scab, heal, and drop off in about three weeks.

Scarring can occur in some birds, so exhibition breeders usually vaccinate their flock against the disease. Mosquitos often carry the disease from flock to flock, so mosquito control is important to reduce outbreaks.

A vaccine is available for Fowlpox and is typically administered in the wing web of birds at 10 to 12 weeks of age. The vaccine exposes birds to a mild version of the active virus, so birds should be completely healthy before the vaccine is administered to avoid complications.

Avian Encephalomyelitis

Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) is a viral disease that affects young chickens, as well as pheasants, pigeons, turkeys, and Japanese quail. Infection can be spread vertically (from mother to chicks) and horizontally (from chicken to chicken).

Many infections are the result of a breeder flock infection that is passed on to the eggs. Infected birds show clinical signs of infection during the first week after hatching, which can include ataxia (wobbly and clumsy walking) and leg weakness that progresses to paralysis. Afflicted birds are often destroyed since most don’t recover.

Immunization of breeder pullets is recommended at 10 to 15 weeks of age to prevent vertical transmission of the virus. The commercial live vaccine provides offspring with maternal immunity. Vaccination of table-egg flocks is also recommended to prevent decreased egg production. AE inoculations are usually combined with Fowlpox vaccine and administered through an injection in the wing web.

Laryngotracheitis

Acute and highly contagious, infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory infection caused by the herpesvirus. Chickens and pheasants are the most susceptible to the disease.

Symptoms include severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and rales. Laryngotracheitis has a 10-20% mortality rate, but in some cases up to 70% of a flock may die. Recovered survivors and vaccinated chickens are both long-term carriers of the infection.

A vaccine can be administered to control the virus and is typically administered with eye drops at 10-12 weeks of age. However, the vaccine should not be administered unless there is a known issue with the disease on your farm or in the immediate area. Implementing strict biosecurity measures can also prevent outbreaks.

Avian Rhinotracheitis

A viral disease found in chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, and pheasants, avian rhinotracheitis is also known as swollen head syndrome. Signs and symptoms of the disease include decreased appetite, lack of weight gain, swelling of the head and face, ocular or nasal discharge, voice loss, and conjunctivitis. The disease is transmitted from bird to bird through the respiratory tract.

Live vaccines have been shown to reduce clinical symptoms. Inactivated vaccines are also used in breeder hens prior to egg lay.

While it can seem daunting to protect your chickens from every disease out there, vaccinations are a solid preventative measure that can lead to happier, healthier birds and better productivity of your flock. Just remember that vaccines are no substitute for strict biosecurity measures including proper disinfection, segregation of new birds, and feeding fresh, healthy food.

Have questions about raising healthy chickens? Need a quality source of baby chicks to start or grow your flock? Contact Freedom Ranger Hatchery! We ship baby chicks from our family-owned and operated, NPIP-certified hatcheries in Lancaster County, PA direct to you, nationwide!

For any chicken farmer, the health of your birds should be at the top of your priority list. Without a healthy flock, egg production lowers, sickness can spread, and in the end, you may lose chickens (and profit).

There are certain diseases, like wry neck, that can be very alarming for first-time farmers. At Freedom Ranger Hatchery, we want to alleviate some of those fears with our years of chicken-raising knowledge. Continue reading “Everything You Need to Know About Wry Neck in Chickens”

No matter what you use your chickens for, keeping your birds happy and healthy is always a priority in raising them. Healthy chickens mean a better profit for your hatchery. To keep your birds healthy and free of poultry diseases, your biosecurity needs to be up to snuff.

At Freedom Ranger Hatchery, we are dedicated to producing high-quality chickens for our customers through traditional, sustainable, and environmentally-friendly farming methods. And this means biosecurity is extremely important to us so we can keep our hatchery healthy at all times. To further keep the chickens we sell to you healthy, today’s post shares some of the ways to prevent the most common chicken diseases. Continue reading “How to Prevent and Treat the 5 Most Common Chicken Diseases”

Aspergillosis is a non-contagious respiratory disease caused by a fungal species known as Aspergillus. Commonly referred to as mycotic pneumonia, brooders pneumonia, or fungal pneumonia, Aspergillosis affects chickens, ducks, turkeys, waterfowl, game birds, and many other bird species.

Young birds are the most susceptible to infection, though older birds under stress or with compromised immune systems can develop chronic Aspergillosis.

Infection with Aspergillosis occurs through the inhalation of spores, typically from contaminated litter or other contaminations in the hatchery. Infection in young chicks is usually the result of inhaled spores from a contaminated hatching machine. Infections can also occur when infected eggs hatch during incubation and release large numbers of spores which are inhaled by other chicks.

Incidence and severity of the disease increases under warm, wet, or humid conditions. Dusty conditions and environments that result in high levels of ammonia are also perfect breeding grounds for Aspergillosis. That’s why contaminated poultry bedding is one of the most common sources of infection. Continue reading “What is Aspergillosis? Plus How to Prevent It in Your Flock”

A visit to the local feed store can be overwhelming, especially for new chicken owners. Each colorful bag of chicken feed contains a variety of terms from “mash” and “grower feed” to “medicated” or “un-medicated,” “fermented,” and more. So how do you make sense of all the jargon and choose the right food for your chickens?

Check out our chicken feed primer, where we simplify the jargon and show you how to feed your chickens at every stage of their lives. We also go over common fruits, vegetables, and plants to avoid so your chickens stay healthy and happy. Continue reading “What to Feed Your Chickens, and What Not to Feed Them”

Whether you’re considering raising chickens in your own backyard or have an established farm suitable for free range chickens, you’re probably wondering how to choose between the vast numbers of chicken breeds available. Beyond choosing whether you will raise chickens for eggs or meat, there are a few things you’ll want to consider before settling on a particular breed.

Here are some helpful tips to narrow your choices, along with a few suggested breeds that do well in a variety of environments. Continue reading “Choosing the Right Chickens to Start Your Flock”

Newcastle disease (ND), also known as pneumoencephalitis, is a contagious, viral infection that affects both domestic and wild birds, particularly chickens. The most highly contagious and deadly form of the Newcastle virus is known as viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND). VVND is also referred to as exotic Newcastle disease or Asiatic Newcastle disease.

Newcastle disease was first discovered in 1926 in Indonesia, but was later named after the town of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, where the disease occurred in 1927.

According to the World Organization for Animal Health, “the disease has been currently controlled in Canada, the United States and some western European countries. It continues in parts of Africa, Asia and South America. However, since wild birds can sometimes carry the virus without becoming ill, outbreaks can occur anywhere that poultry is raised.” Continue reading “Protecting Your Chickens from Newcastle Disease”

MG (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) and MS (Mycoplasma synoviae) are both common bacterial infections that affect chickens, turkeys, and other avian species. Found most often in backyard flocks or multi-age commercial layer operations, MG and MS can result in severe economic losses due to slow growth rates in broilers or diminished egg production in layers.

MG, also known as chronic respiratory disease (CRD) attacks the respiratory system of infected birds and can weaken their immune systems, making them more susceptible to other infections. MS can also affect the respiratory system of infected birds, but another form of the disease attacks the joints. Continue reading “Protecting Your Flock – What You Need to Know about MG & MS”